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101년 전통의, 한때 세계 최대 자동차회사 제너럴 모터스(GM)는 요즘 산소호흡기를 단 중환자 신세다. GM은 지난 1일 뉴욕 맨해튼 소재 연방파산법원에 파산보호를 신청하며 일단 사망 선고는 피했다.
GM이 의존하고 있는 생명연장 장치는 '챕터 11(Chapter 11)'이다. 미국 연방 파산법의 한 조항으로 우리나라로 치면 기업회생(법정관리) 절차와 비슷하다. 법원 감독 아래 구조조정 절차를 진행하는 제도이다. GM과 함께 미국 자동차 빅3의 한 축을 담당했던 크라이슬러와 이번 금융위기의 기폭제 역할을 한 리먼브러더스도 챕터 11을 부여잡고 연명하는 신세다. 챕터 11은 경영 활동이 지속된다는 점에서 자산매각 후 곧바로 청산(淸算)에 들어가는 '챕터 7(Chapter 7)'과 구분된다.
미국에 파산법이 처음 도입된 것은 1800년이지만, 기업 회생에 대한 규정을 마련한 것은 1934년 개정된 파산법부터이다. 당시 대공황 여파로 기업 도산이 경제뿐 아니라 사회적으로도 큰 문제가 됐다. 채권자 입장에서는 당장 기업을 청산해 회사 기계를 팔아치워 채권을 회수하는 것보다 기업을 살려 존속시키는 것이 더 이익이 되는 상황이 생겨난 것이다. 채무자의 권리가 강화된 현재의 챕터 11은 1978년 파산법이 전면 개정되면서 현재의 모습을 갖추게 됐다.
챕터 11은 부실 기업(채무자)엔 '달콤한 진통제'같다. 기업 청산이라는 고통을 덜면서, 부채 처리 등에서 이전보다 유리한 상황에 놓이기 때문이다.
챕터 11은 신청 절차부터가 간단하다. 채무자는 채무 초과나 지급 불능 등의 특별한 상황이 아니더라도 챕터 11에 따라 파산보호를 신청할 수 있다. 별도의 법원 결정을 받아야 할 필요도 없다. 기업이 신청만 하면 언제든 개시할 수 있는 일종의 '신고 절차'인 셈이다. 반면 한국의 경우 채무 초과 상태이거나 지급 불능 등의 요건을 충족시켜야 기업회생 절차 신청이 가능하다.
한국에서는 기업회생 절차가 시작되면 법원이 새로운 경영진을 '관리인'이라는 직책을 부여해 부실기업에 파견하는 경우가 많다. 하지만 미국에서는 대부분 기존 경영진을 유지한다. GM의 프리츠 헨더슨이나 크라이슬러의 로버트 나델리는 파산보호 신청 이후에도 CEO 자리를 유지하고 있다. 이를 '기존 관리인 유지제도(DIP· Debtor-In-Possession)'라고 부른다. 회사 상황을 잘 아는 기존 경영진에게 '원포인트 릴리프(one point relief·1명의 타자만을 상대하기 위해 등판한 구원 투수)' 역할을 맡기는 것이 합리적이라는 판단 때문이다.
파산보호 절차에 들어가면 부채에 대한 권한도 채무자에게 넘어간다. 챕터 11은 채권자가 더 이상 채무자(부실기업)에게 채무와 관련된 소송을 제기할 수 없고, 채무 이행을 강제할 수도 없도록 규정하고 있다. 심지어 전화를 걸어 빚 독촉을 하는 것도 금지된다. 만약 이를 무시하면 법정 모독죄로 민형사상의 제재를 받게 된다. 제재 대상은 내외국인을 가리지 않는다.
또한 미국의 파산보호 기업들은 구조조정 자금을 금융권으로부터 추가로 지원받을 수 있다. 이를 'DIP 금융'이라 부르는데, 다른 채권보다 최우선적으로 상환받을 수 있는 권한을 가진다. 따라서 금융기관들도 DIP 금융 제공에는 적극적인 편이다.
반면 한국에서는 기업회생 절차에 들어간 기업들이 금융권으로부터 추가 대출을 받는 것이 실질적으로 어렵다. 금융기관들이 회생 절차에 들어간 기업의 신용도를 아주 낮게 평가하기 때문에 거의 대출을 하지 않는 게 현실이다.
미국에서는 기업이 일단 파산보호에 들어가면 회사에 부담을 주었던 종전의 단체협약을 파기할 수 있다. 노사(勞使)가 합의했던 기존 복지제도도 모두 무효로 할 수 있다. GM은 이번에 파산보호에 들어가면서 그동안 골치 아팠던 은퇴자 의료보험 기금 200억달러를 전액 출자 전환하거나 감액할 계획이다. 하지만 한국은 회생절차 중에 단체협약을 변경할 수 없다고 규정하고 있다(통합도산법 제119조 3항).
이런 여러 측면 때문에 챕터 11이 실패한 기업들에 너무 관대하다는 비판도 제기된다. 무엇보다 실패한 기업의 무능한 경영진에게 계속해서 회사를 맡기는 것이 과연 옳은가 하는 것이 비판의 초점이다. 파산기업에 너무 많은 이익을 줘 시장의 공정한 경쟁과 효율성을 해친다는 지적도 있다. 시장에 공급 과잉 문제를 초래할 수도 있다.
챕터 11의 실효성에 대한 의문도 제기된다. 미국에서 파산보호 신청을 한 기업 중 회생한 기업은 소수에 불과하다. 클린턴 행정부 시절 노동부 장관을 지낸 U.C.버클리대 로버트 라이시(Reich) 교수는 최근 파이낸셜타임스(FT) 기고에서 "미국이 GM 문제 해법으로 챕터 11을 선택한 실질적인 목적은 GM의 근로자와 협력업체, 딜러, 그리고 지역 사회가 파산에 적응할 수 있도록 시간을 벌기 위한 것"이라고 주장했다. 파산보호에도 불구하고 GM은 결국 청산될 수밖에 없다는 암울한 진단이다. 이처럼 챕터 11이 한번 파산하면 되는 기업을 결국 두 번 파산하게 만든다는 의미로 사람들은 '챕터 22'라고 비꼬아 부르기도 한다.
[임치용 법무법인 태평양 변호사(전 서울중앙지법 파산부 부장판사)]
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